Although Advance Care Planning conversations don’t always result in determining a Goals of Care Designation they are useful building blocks to conversations.
A way to help you think about, talk about and document wishes for health care.
A medical order used to describe and communicate the general aim or focus of care including the preferred location of that care.
For questions about advanced care planning and goals of care.
For information on how to use the ACP/GCD Navigator in Connect Care, visit Insite and search "ACP/GCD Navigator" to access the quick start guide.
Note: Insite Access is required.
Tools to show patients and families as they learn more about Advance Care Planning and Goals of Care Designation.
Visit resources for patients & familiesUsers need to provide a Cost Centre to set up an account with DATA Communications Management.
Note that a valid credit card number will be required to set up an account. However these items are provided free of charge.
Able to request the following from their family doctor or health care provider.
Tools to show patients and families as they learn more about Advance Care Planning and Goals of Care Designation
Learn moreSerious Illness Conversation Guide is a proven conversation sequence and language that clarifies a person’s values and priorities. For more information contact conversationsmatter@assistedlivingalberta.ca
Target audience: frontline physicians, nurses, allied health care workers, health care aides, social workers and unit clerks or anyone wanting to learn more about advance care planning in Alberta.
Four learning topics target specific aspects of the policy:
Clinicians should register for this module through MyLearning Link by searching for Advance Care Planning (#200957)
A web version can be accessed below. A certificate can be printed upon successful completion, Upon entering the course, you will select a learning path most relevant to your role and care setting.
Access courseAn Interim Goals of Care Designation (GCD) order means a preliminary documented medical order for the goals of care designation placed by the most responsible health practitioner (MRHP) until a more fulsome Advance Care Planning (ACP) conversation can take place between the patient, designated family / support person(s) as appropriate, and the MRHP. Interim GCD orders are meant to be used in circumstances where documentation of the care approach is needed, but a conversation with the patient and/or an alternate decision maker is not possible. This may be either due to patient health factors (see examples below) or circumstances that would make the timing of the conversations inappropriate, such as a non-urgent overnight admission where GCD can be discussed in the morning and/or unclear ACP GCD documentation that requires further discussion. It's important to note that an interim GCD order is not intended to be used as a tool to avoid or indefinitely defer ACP GCD conversations. An interim GCD order may be used to describe any care approach (R, M or C).
Examples of patient health factors include, but are not limited to:
A checkbox, located on the paper form and within the Connect Care order window, will be selected indicating the GCD order is considered an interim order. This means the GCD needs to be re-evaluated as soon as clinically appropriate and updated to a standard GCD order during the course of clinical care. Rationale for using an interim GCD order should be documented and, ideally, include an anticipated time frame for updating.
While there is no specific timeline, an interim GCD order should be re-evaluated and updated to a standard GCD order as soon as clinically appropriate. Ideally an interim GCD order is re-evaluated within hours (e.g. patient admitted overnight and is sleeping, delay conversation until the next day) or days. It's also important to review GCD orders as part of care transitions, such as a discharge or transfer to a continuing care home setting, to ensure that any interim GCD orders are updated to a standard GCD order before the patient is transitioned. In some circumstances an interim GCD order could be in place longer, such as if the interim GCD order awaits the outcome of a dispute resolution process.
Surgery or a specific procedure: No, this would not be considered an appropriate use of an interim order, as a conversation with the patient should take place prior to the procedure. Note that discussing the risks and goals of surgery, and confirming the GCD with the patient (e.g. R1 approach), equates to a GCD conversation — so a standard GCD order should be used, not an interim one. If the patient expresses specific wishes in relation to their surgery, this can be included in the "clarifications" section of the GCD order.
Disagreement about the approach to care: It depends. In complex decision-making situations, supports such as second opinions, clinical ethics consultation, spiritual care involvement, palliative care consultation, and health law/legal consultation can be used before a formal dispute resolution process is initiated. These supports may help navigate options without using an interim GCD order or escalating to a formal dispute. If disagreements persist despite using decision-making resources, then it may be appropriate to escalate using the dispute resolution process in the AHS Dispute Prevention and Resolution in Clinical Settings Policy. Once a dispute resolution process has been initiated, it is appropriate to consult with health law and/or clinical ethics about whether an interim GCD order is applicable.
Where an interim order awaits the outcome of a dispute, separate checkboxes on the paper form and within the Connect Care order window indicate this. Relevant information should be documented in the patient's chart and Tracking Record.
All patients and persons in health care should be given the opportunity to participate in an ACP discussion — all adults can benefit, as any of us may have an unexpected event or change in health. These discussions can be initiated by the primary care physician as part of routine health care, but also by patients or other health care professionals, and can occur in all health care settings. They allow for respectful understanding of wishes concerning care and specific interventions, and include communication among health care professionals, patients, and, when appropriate, alternate decision-makers.
These conversations explore the goals for treatment and the patient's wishes framed within the therapeutic options that are appropriate for the patient's current clinical condition, and those which may be relevant for the patient's future clinical conditions. They incorporate the values and wishes of the patient as well as guide interventions. These conversations should ultimately lead to the most responsible health care professional writing an appropriate GCD order.
Conversations are best started early in the patient's course of care and/or treatment and/or when clinically appropriate to the patient's care. Conversations and decisions about GCD are carried out with the patient or with the patient's alternate decision-maker if the patient lacks capacity to make such decisions. Particularly important times to engage include:
Every clinical situation is unique; however, the following questions offer a non-threatening way to ask about ACP/GCD.
A patient can ask to have this conversation. Any member of the patient's health care team (for example; MD, RN, RRT, LPN, OT, SW,) can initiate the conversation and conduct appropriate parts of the Advance Care Planning discussion. A physician or nurse practitioner is ultimately responsible to ensure the most clinically appropriate Goals of Care Designation Order is in place.
The conversations may include:
If appropriate, offer for involvement of resources such as palliative care, social work, clinical ethics consultation, or spiritual care to assist the patient with their needs.
The MRHP is the physician or nurse practitioner who is overseeing the course of care for a patient. The formal policy definition: the health practitioner who has responsibility and accountability for the specific treatment/procedure(s) provided to a patient and who is authorized by Alberta Health Services to perform the duties required to fulfill the delivery of such a treatment/procedure(s) within the scope of his/her practice. Currently in Alberta, to provide medical orders, the MRHP is usually a physician. In some circumstances, a Nurse Practitioner is the MRHP. The definition is deliberately broad, to allow the flexibility to adapt to a change of clinical leadership or responsibility in any situation.
Determining and writing a GCD Order is a cooperative activity involving the patient and whichever care providers are best placed to undertake these conversations. Often, the family physician is that care provider. As new information is understood from specialist consultants participating in the patient's care, alterations to the Order may be required, and can be written by the consultant or the family physician. Examples where the specialist might be best equipped to write the order include:
If a patient's MRHP changes, the previous Goals of Care Designation order remains applicable unless changed by the new MRHP. It should be reviewed with the patient by the new MRHP.
Goals of Care Designations should be reviewed when new circumstances or health issues arise, when a patient is transferred to a new location of care or if the patient or alternate decision-maker requests it. A Goals of Care Designations order is prescriptive – it guides the clinical team regarding the course of care and interventions - but is also subject to clinical judgement of the current most responsible health practitioner. If the current GCD no longer makes clinical sense or seems to be in conflict with the patient's wishes, it should be reviewed and can be changed if necessary.
The ACP GCD Procedure (2.1) states that GCD orders are reviewed when clinically appropriate. Some services and programs develop internal review processes as "best practice" — for example, in many continuing care facilities residents have an annual care plan review, and at this time their GCD is updated.
Informed consent and patient signature are not required to make a Goals of Care Designation order because it is a medical order. As a medical order, it is the clinical responsibility of the most responsible health practitioner. It is standard clinical practice to engage the patient or alternate decision maker in all related discussions and decisions so their wishes are known and considered. A patient or ADM signature is not required for documentation.
Original GCD order forms are recommended as one source of truth, however if a health care provider must make a copy of the original Goals of Care Designation Order for any purpose, the health care provider should add a notation to the copy stating "true copy of the current Goals of Care Designation order for this patient" with the staff member's signature, date and printed name. Retaining a photocopy on the chart is needed when a patient attends outpatient care at the same location regularly (e.g. dialysis, chemotherapy), or when a resident goes on a day recreational outing and carrying their Green Sleeve is not feasible.
There is a paper version of a GCD Order, stored in the patient's Green Sleeve except in areas that use electronic order entry. In areas using an electronic health record the GCD order is entered and viewed in electronic format. When a patient is transferred from an electronic entry site to a paper entry site (or to their home), the sending unit prints a paper copy and places it in the Green Sleeve. Both paper handwritten and electronically generated print forms are considered originals.
When there are multiple completed order forms (e.g. from transfers or changes to health status): the most current form should be at the front of the Green Sleeve. Outdated forms can be housed within the Green Sleeve but should be filed sequentially by date in descending order (most recent on top). A no-longer-current order should have "VOID" written on it prominently, along with the date, to reduce the chance of error.
While both a clear GCD order and Personal Directive are ideally completed prior to admission to a designated living option, they are not required prior to admission. If they have not been completed prior, this activity should be undertaken as soon as is reasonable after admission. If they have been completed prior to admission, the GCD Order should be reviewed upon admission to assure it still reflects an appropriate goal of care designation.
When circumstances bring significant complexities, including disagreement in what care is to be provided, additional decision support may be required. Examples of circumstances where dispute resolution may need to be initiated: refusal of treatment by the patient/ADM; demand for treatment not within standard of care; disagreement with the ADM regarding the patient's wishes, best interests, values or beliefs; clinician disagreement on what treatment is clinically indicated; or emergency circumstances where time-critical decisions contradict the ADM's information. The MRHP has a responsibility to ensure a patient is informed of, and has access to, the decision support and dispute resolution resources found in the ACP/GCD Procedure (paragraph 7 and Appendix C).
Patient refusal of specific clinically indicated intervention(s) shall be honoured, within the bounds of applicable laws. Further conversations regarding patient refusal may be required. Clinical judgment should determine the degree to which further conversations should be considered and whether or not a dispute resolution process should be invoked.
Unless the Personal Directive is enacted, the agent has no legal standing to provide direction on the GCD order — if the person is still considered to have capacity, they are the legal decision-maker for their care. However, an individual may defer decision-making to another person by choice, or include them in the discussions leading to a supported or joint decision. With capacity, that would be the individual's choice.
The original Tracking Record is kept in the Green Sleeve to allow care providers at each site access to and the ability to document the full record of conversations that have occurred over time. Having multiple versions/copies contributes to confusion and possible miscommunication. If a Tracking Record is full after multiple sequential conversations, begin a new one and keep the full prior record in the Green Sleeve, stapled behind the current record. When the patient is discharged or transferred, a copy is kept on the patient's chart.
Any health care professional or member of the health care team who documents in the chart can record information on this form. Patients and families don't write on this form.
When the patient is receiving care or is admitted, the Green Sleeve should be placed at the front of the patient's chart. The ACP/GCD documents and Green Sleeve are the property of the patient. On discharge from acute care, the unit clerk places a copy of the ACP/GCD documents on the health record and returns the originals in the Green Sleeve to the patient. If the original remains on the chart after discharge, the unit clerk calls the patient or facility; if unable to reach them, the Green Sleeve is sent to Health Records, who returns it to the patient by mail.
In certain circumstances a person may require a change in their GCD order. Where the MRHP is not on site and is only available by telephone, the RN may take a verbal telephone GCD order. In this urgent situation, the RN documents the verbal telephone order on the GCD order form, makes a checkmark within the relevant GCD order box, and places their initials in the relevant line below the selected GCD order. The MRHP must then co-initial on this line and sign the order at the earliest possible opportunity.
Clinical example: Mrs. Hill is a 78-year-old residing at home with advanced cancer, now bedbound and requiring 24-hour care. Her current GCD order is M2, reflecting her earlier desire to be cared for without transfer to hospital; she has now made clear she wishes to transfer to hospice for end-of-life care. Her home care nurse phones her FP, who provides a telephone order for a C1 GCD and will fax a new signed C1 GCD to the home care RN at the end of clinic.
Interventions by health care providers when a person is choking may start with abdominal thrusts and/or chest compressions depending on the situation. If attempts to alleviate the obstruction are not effective and the person becomes pulseless and breathless, the known GCD order will provide direction for further intervention and care, including whether CPR should be initiated. If chest compressions are used to alleviate an obstruction, they can be stopped when the obstruction is relieved or there is confirmation of ventilation (a breath is provided and the chest rises).
Some individuals state they would not want chest compressions if they choked, even if it results in death — for some, because chest compression may cause significant harm. Where individuals do not want chest compressions in this circumstance, documentation is required on the GCD order form under the specific clarifications section, and conversations recorded on the ACP Tracking Record. It is important to discuss this with persons at high risk of aspiration; in facility living, care teams are encouraged to have these conversations at the initial and annual care conferences. Examples of special circumstances: a person with extensive bone metastasis to the rib cage or sternum; a person with a known aspiration risk who wishes not to have chest compressions initiated; a person who has previously had chest compressions to alleviate choking and does not wish them repeated.
Yes — non-invasive ventilation such as BiPAP, CPAP, or High flow Heated Humidified Oxygen can be used in individuals with a non-R GCD Order if the intent of the treatment aligns with the GCD order. Non-invasive ventilation delivers mechanical ventilation without an endotracheal airway; it is used for life sustainment, life prolongation, and may be used to alleviate symptoms and/or suffering. Use is based on physician recommendations, the availability of resources (e.g. respiratory therapist and/or equipment), and the GCD order based on discussions with the person and their family/ADM.
Clinical examples:
Yes – depending on site-specific practices, these teams can respond for patient deterioration and support the health care team and attending physician outside of the ICU. For example, a patient with an M1 GCD becomes seriously unwell with a sudden drop in blood pressure and reduced level of consciousness on an evening shift; the attending physician is on-call from home, 20 minutes away. A code 66 is called to provide rapid response while the attending travels in.
An AED lead placement may be used in patients with R1, R2 and R3 GCDs because it assists in diagnosing, especially during the time required to call a code team (assistance does not imply resuscitation).
Cardioversion is not always linked to chest compressions. The R3 GCD order was designed for patients in heart-monitored situations whose malignant rhythm disturbance might be correctable by electricity and/or cardiac drugs, but who have chosen not to receive chest compressions and mechanical ventilation. If such a person has a monitored rhythm disturbance requiring cardiac interventions, those are undertaken when required. If found pulseless, appropriate and limited cardiac interventions (electricity and/or cardiac drugs) can be undertaken, understanding the restriction against chest compressions might limit success. In an unmonitored situation, a pulseless person with an R3 order prohibiting chest compressions and mechanical ventilation has died, and it would be exceedingly unlikely to revive them with only electricity — though it would not be unreasonable for a code team or first responder to place leads, assess the rhythm and attempt electricity without going further. This is a clinical judgment call.
Advanced airway management, such as with a supraglottic airway (SGA) device and intubation, are considered life support measures usually used in critical care settings that provide ventilator support, and are appropriate for patients with an R1 or R2 GCD. Patients with other GCDs (R3, M and C) are not expected to benefit from and/or do not desire ventilation support. Basic airway support using oral pharyngeal and nasal pharyngeal airway devices can be appropriate for patients with any GCD when the intent is to temporarily support the airway and align with the patient's treatment goals.
Transfer to hospital may be considered when symptoms cannot be managed in the person's current care setting. With an M2 GCD, transfer can be considered if the patient agrees after an ACP/GCD conversation. With a C1 GCD, transfer should occur if symptoms can be better managed elsewhere and the patient agrees. With a C2 GCD, transfer should occur in rare circumstances, considering where it will be best for the patient to die and whether the care team is confident the patient is unlikely to die during transport.
Clinical example: Mr. Kumar is an 82-year-old residing in a facility with severe CHF, COPD and frailty. His current GCD order is M2; he has made clear he wishes his symptoms managed at his facility and does not wish to go to hospital. However, he trips and appears to have fractured his leg, with pain that cannot be managed at the facility. He is transferred to hospital for surgical repair.
Major surgery can be considered for patients with M1, M2 or C1 GCDs to fix a correctable problem or prevent suffering from an unexpected trauma or illness. The surgical and anesthetic teams require clarity on the use of resuscitative measures. Possible transfer to ICU for peri-operative complications or post-operative support should be discussed with the patient/ADM; ICU transfer may be considered for short-term physiological and mechanical support to return the patient to prior level of functioning. The possibility of intra-operative death should also be discussed.
Clinical example: Mr. White, 58, has multiple myeloma with extensive bone involvement and can no longer receive cancer-modulating therapies; his GCD order is C1. He slips on ice and sustains an unstable tri-malleolar fracture, and decides to proceed with operative repair. He is informed he may require a period of ICU observation post-operatively and agrees to a short-term stay if he will return to a previous level of functioning. The discussion is documented on the Tracking Record and on the GCD order under "specific clarifications." At surgery his GCD is reviewed as part of the safe surgical checklist; a new GCD does not need to be written as long as the surgical, post-op and anesthesia teams are aware of the special clarifications.
No patient is absolutely excluded from ICU care simply as a result of a previously determined GCD order. "In the moment" decision-making by the current care team may lead to revocation of a GCD order and potential ICU admission, if felt necessary and appropriate. In general, however, adult patients with M and C GCD orders are not candidates for ICU admission because they are not expected to benefit from, and are not desiring of, treatments provided in that environment. Considerations:
A GCD designation of M1 should not be the sole reason a patient is turned down for angioplasty (PCI). The M1 definition includes language allowing major surgery, resuscitation during surgery or recovery, and short-term physiologic and mechanical ICU support to return the patient to prior function, with the possibility of intra-operative death discussed in advance. Good conversation — considering functional status, risk/benefit and patient goals — determines suitability, and must include the risk of peri-procedural arrest and guidance on what, if anything, will be undertaken to resuscitate. M1 patients can receive resuscitation attempts, with advance agreement, with the limitation that an ICU stay or prolonged life-support dependence would not be considered; eventual withdrawal of life support, after appropriate conversations, would be ethically and legally permissible. Some patients direct that no resuscitation occur, and the cardiology team may be uncomfortable proceeding in that context.
For referrals requiring transfer (patients with capacity who are their own decision makers): it is essential the referring team document a patient-centred, clinically appropriate plan should a cardiac arrest occur during the procedure.
Without a confirmed current GCD order, past orders must be interpreted with caution — they offer clues but cannot be assumed to be the patient's current order. On admission, the receiving team should always validate the presence of a GCD with the patient. If no known GCD exists, a new one should be ordered by the MRHP considering the patient's current clinical status, wishes and values. This is crucial because, in the absence of a known GCD order, the patient defers to receive R1 care; the patient/substitute decision maker should know this, which may expedite a conversation and updated order.
If the patient has capacity and can communicate: ask, "Our records show that in (month/year) M1 was written as your GCD order. Is this still the case?" Regardless of the response, involve the MRHP to write a new updated order. Start a new Green Sleeve with the new order — relying on the possible arrival of the home/facility Green Sleeve is not safe. Document the conversation on the Tracking Record. If the family/facility later brings the "home" Green Sleeve, organize the documents into one current Green Sleeve with the new order at the front.
If the patient lacks capacity or cannot communicate: share what prior information you know with the MRHP; determine if the patient has a Personal Directive naming an agent or substitute decision maker; assist in communicating with the substitute decision maker if known; the MRHP determines and writes the new order.
When friends and family take a resident out, they usually do not carry the GCD order. But residents in continuing care facilities commonly have complex health issues and greater risk of medical events. When participating in facility-organized off-site activities, AHS staff are responsible for carrying personal health information needed to maintain care (medications, emergency contacts, allergy information) including the GCD order, in case a resident experiences a critical health event. Carrying the Green Sleeve containing all advance care planning documents is best practice — in a medical event, all ACP/GCD documentation is necessary for EHS/EMS and acute care clinicians to understand the reasons for the current GCD order.
If the original GCD order cannot accompany the resident, a photocopy of the most recent order may be relied upon to guide treatment, provided it has a notation stating "true copy of the current Goals of Care Designation order for this patient" with the staff member's signature, date and printed name.
In the absence of a mobile printer/scanner, a health care professional can take a photo of ACP/GCD documents using their employer-issued AHS mobile device. Recommended guidelines:
Yes. A GCD order generated from Connect Care, like all medical orders, is considered valid. When the phrase "signed electronically in Connect Care" is seen, it can be trusted just like a handwritten signature. The information is stored within Connect Care on a secured AHS server. If authenticity requires verification, anyone with access to Connect Care can view the document on the ACP/GCD navigator.